Words - hell, wine, mountain, cloud etc.

Explanation of following words are found interspersed between the discussion from Chapter 1, Section 10 - 20:

‘गिरः’ (giraḥ) means 'song' or 'speech', derived from the root ‘गृ’ (gṛ) which means ‘to speak’ - गिरो गृणाते: (Sec. 10)

‘नरकं’ (narakaṃ) means ‘hell’. It has the sense of going downwards - नरकं न्यरकं नीचैर्गमनम्

Or it is so called because it doesn’t have even the slightest room for happiness - नास्मिन् रमणं स्थानमल्पमप्यस्तीति वा (Sec. 11)

‘सुरा’ (surā) is the word for wine, it means ‘to press or to extract’ (wine is made by extracting the juices of fruits) - सुरा सुनोते: (Sec. 11)

‘बिल्व’ (bilva) means a ‘creeper plant’. It is so called from being supported or from sprouting - बिल्वं भरणाद्वा भेदनाद्वा (At the end of Sec. 14)

‘त्विषिता’ (tviṣitā) means shining, ‘त्विषि:’ (tviṣi: ) being a synonym of light - त्विषितो ज्वलित: I त्विषिरित्यप्यस्य दीप्तिनाम भवति I (At the end of Sec. 17)

‘स्थाणु’ (sthāṇu) means ‘pillar’, so called because it has the sense of staying at one place - स्थाणुस्तिष्ठते: (At the end of Sec. 18)

Following words are all from Section 20:

The word ‘धातु‘(dhātu) means ‘word root’ as it has the sense of ‘to give’ or ‘to produce’ – धातुर्दधाते: (Mr. Sarup has taken a different meaning here.)

The word ‘मृग’ (mṛga) means ‘animal’, it has the sense of ‘going’ - मृगो मार्ष्टर्गतिकर्मणः

‘भीम’ (bhīma) is one of whom all are afraid – भीमो बिभ्यत्यस्मात् – ‘भीष्म’ (bhīṣma) means the same

‘कुचर’ (kucara) is one who moves in a crooked manner – कुचर इति चरति कर्म कुत्सितम्  - If it is used as an epithet of a deity, then it means ‘where does he not go?’ – क्वायं न चरतीति

‘गिरिः’ (giriḥ) means 'mountain', as it has the sense of being 'raised upwards' - समुद्गीर्णो भवति

'पर्वत' (parvata) also means 'mountain', as it is composed of a number of raised sections - पर्ववान् पर्वतः

‘मेघ’ (megha) means 'cloud', it too has the same sense of being 'raised upwards' – मेघोSपि गिरिरेतस्मादेव